제 1 장.  문장의 5형식

동사의 종류와 문형

1형식 : 완전자동사         The earth moves round the sun.

2형식 : 불완전자동사       The scenery was unbelievably beautiful.

3형식 : 완전타동사         He speaks English very well.

4형식 : 수여동사           She gave me a book.

5형식 : 불완전타동사       I saw a kite flying in the sky.

동사는 자동사(intransitive verb)와 목적어를 필요로 하는 타동사(transitive verb)로 나뉘며, 또

불완전(incomplete)동사는 보어(complement)를 필요로 하며, 수여동사(dative verb)는 이중목적어

를 필요로 한다.

제1형식 문형 : S+V(완전자동사)  : 주어와 동사만으로 문장이 구성될 수 있다.

1. S +V(+부사구)의 문형

The pretty little birds sing very merrily in the cage.

Time flies like an arrow.

She made toward the door. (=She went to the door.)

전치사+명사= 부사구(동사수식), 형용사구(명사수식)로 쓰임.

2. There+V+S(+부사구)의 문형

There is a vase on the table.

There lived a farmer in this village.

3. S +V+to부정사의 문형

She screamed to see the terrible sight.

He worked hard only to fail.             (그는 열심히 일했으나 실패하고 말았다.)

4. It(가주어)+V+S(진주어)의 문형

It doesn't matter what he says.           (그가 말한 내용은 중요하지 않다.)

It happened that I met her in the bus.

확인학습 : 다음 영문의 주어, 동사와 수식어를 밝혀라

(1) The river flows into the sea.

(2) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

(3) This lesson will last for an hour.

(4) Here is your ticket.

(5) There comes the bus.

(6) A diligent student rises early and does not sit up too late at night.

(7) She wept bitterly to hear of her mother's death.

제2형식 문형 : S+V(불완전자동사)+C

불완전자동사(or linking verb)는 주어의 상태나 상태변화를 나타내며 보어를 취한다.

1) Be 동사 (상태: ~이다)

He is a musician.               (명사)

My hobby is collecting stamps. (동명사)

Mary is beautiful.               (형용사)

This book is of no use.        (형용사구)

The class was over at four.     (부사)

2) become외에 grow, get, go, come, run, fall, turn등  (상태변화 :∼이 되다.)

He became a teacher.

He became tired.

He turned pale at the news.

He got angry with me.

He went mad. (madly를 사용할 수 없다)

Streams had run dry for the first time in memory.

Your dream will come true.

3) remain, keep, lie, hold, continue등 :  "계속해서 ∼하다, ∼한 상태를 유지하다"

He remained silent.

He remained poor/single all his life.

He remained faithful to the last.

The promise still holds true[good].

Please hold still. 가만히 계셔 주십시오.

lie asleep 누워서 자고 있다

lie ill (in bed) 앓아누워 있다

if you continue obstinate 네가 계속 고집을 부린다면

4) look, feel, smell, sound, taste 등의 지각동사(감각동사)

feel ∼  : ..을 느끼다, ...이라고 느끼다.  ...이라는 느낌이 들다

look ~  : ...처럼 보이다.  ...인 것 같다.

taste ∼  : ...의 맛을 느끼다..  (...의) 맛이 나다.

smell ∼  : (...의) 냄새가나다.

sound ∼  : ...처럼 들리다., ...인 것 같다(seem)

- The flower smells sweet.               (그 꽃은 단 맛이 난다.)

- This may sound strange, but it is true. (이상하게 들릴지 모르지만 그것은 사실이다.)

- This apple tastes sour.                 (이 사과는 신 맛이 난다.)

- She looks beautiful in her new dress.   (새 옷을 입은 그녀는 아름다워 보인다.)

- Your hands feel warm.                  (너의 손은 따뜻한 느낌이 든다.)

주의 : *This may sound strangely.    *She looked beautifully. (부사로 쓰면 안 됨.)

5) 유사보어 : 완전자동사 다음의 명사나 형용사는 유사보어이다.

S +	live, die	+	명사 보어 : 주어와 equal 형용사 보어 : 주어의 상태, 동작 설명 현재 분사 : 주어의 능동적 동작 과거 분사 : 주어의 수동적 동작
	marry
	go
	be born
	stand
	sit, return

→ 완전자동사이지만 보어가 뒤따르면 2형식문장이 됨. (유사보어)

He died a beggar.   (=He was a beggar when he died.)

She married young.     (그녀는 젊어서 결혼했다.)

The old man sat surrounded by the children.

The children came running to her.

He stands six feet.     (그는 키가 6피트이다.)

6) 보어가 될 수 있는 말

보어는 명사, 명사상당어(구․절), 형용사(분사), 부사, 부정사, 구, 절이 되기도 한다.

She is a schoolgirl.                         (명사)

It is he that met Jack yesterday.            (대명사)

Seeing is believing.                         (동명사)

She is beautiful.                             (형용사)

The race itself is very exciting and thrilling.  (현재분사)

He appeared satisfied with the result.        (과거분사)

School is over.                             (부사가 보어)

He is away.                    (그는 가고 없다)

He seems to know me.         (그는 나를 아는 것 같다; 부정사가 보어)

To live is to fight.              (산다는 것은 투쟁이다.)

He ran himself out of breath.   (그는 너무 뛰어 숨이 찼다; 구가 보어)

The fact is that I know nothing about it. (The fact = that-clause)

(사실은 나는 그것에 대해 아무 것도 모른다 : 명사절이 보어)

제3형식 문형 : S+V(완전타동사)+O

「주어+동사+목적어」의 3형식에 쓰인 동사는 완전타동사로서 동작의 대상이 되는 목적어 가 뒤따르게 된다. 목적어로는 명사나 대명사, 또는 명사 상당어구(절)가 쓰인다.

1. 명사(대명사)가 목적어

Walls have ears.                   (벽에도 귀가 있다.)

Her sad story moved me.          (그녀의 슬픈 이야기가 나를 감동시켰다.)

2. 동명사(구)가 목적어

Most girls enjoy chattering.         (대부분의 여자들은 잡담하기를 즐긴다.)

She practiced playing the piano.   (그녀는 피아노 치는 연습을 했다.)

3. to부정사가 목적어

I want to know the reason.        (나는 그 이유를 알기 원한다.)

What would you like to eat?       (당신은 무엇을 먹고 싶으세요?)

4. 의문사+to부정사(=명사구)가 목적어

You must learn how to swim.      (너는 수영하는 법을 배우지 않으면 안 된다.)

I don't know what to say.          (나는 무슨 말을 해야 할지 모르겠다.)

5. 명사절이 목적어

I think/hope that he'll come soon.       (나는 그가 곧 올 것이라고 생각한다.)

I wonder if(=whether) he'll come tomorrow.  (나는 그가 내일 올지 궁금하다.)

6. 동족목적어(자동사의 명사형)가 목적어

He lived a happy life.  (=He lived happily.)    (그는 행복하게 살았다.)

She slept a sound sleep. (=She slept sound.)  (그녀는 잠을 푹 잤다.)

7. 재귀대명사가 목적어

He killed himself.    We enjoyed ourselves.

8. 타동사구+목적어

(1)자동사+전치사+목적어

She was waiting for a taxi.                  (그녀는 택시를 기다리고 있었다.)

They laughed at me.                        (그들은 나를 비웃었다.)

(2)타동사+부사+목적어

He took off his hat. = He took his hat off.      cf. He took it off.

They blew up the bridge before leaving.   (그들은 떠나기 전에 그 다리를 폭파시켰다.)

(3) 동사+부사+전치사+목적어

We must keep up with the times.   (우리는 시대에 보조를 맞추지 않으면 안 된다.)

You should do away with your bad habit.   (너는 너의 나쁜 습관을 버려야 한다.)

9. 3형식 전용 동사 : say, hope, demand등은 S+V+O+to V의 5형식 형태(단문)를 취하지                      않고  3형식 복문의 형태를 취함.

① *My mother said me to keep my room clean. (X)   (문두에 *표시는 비문표시임.)

My mother told me to keep my room clean. (O)

My mother said to me that I should keep my room clean.

② *I hope you to come to my birthday party. (X)

I hope (that) you will come to my birthday party. (O)

③ *He demanded her to marry him. (X)

He asked/requested her to marry him. (O)       그는 그녀에게 청혼했다.

He demanded (that) she (should) marry him. (O)

제4형식 문형 : S+V(수여동사)+IO(간목)+ DO(직목)

(...에게)   (...을, 를)

A. 직접목적어의 종류에 따른 유형

1. D.O.가 명사인 경우

I'll give you another chance.

Aunt Mary bought me a fur coat.

2. D.O.가 부정사인 경우

John promised me to lend his car.

3. D.O.가 의문사+부정사인 경우

I'll show you where to find the trunk.

She asked me how to solve the problem

4. D.O.가 명사절인 경우

He told me that he would come back soon.

They asked me where I came from.

B. 간접목적어를 뒤로 돌릴 때 동반하는 전치사에 따른 유형

1. to를 동반하는 경우  : give, lend, show등

She lent me a reference book.

⇒ She lent a reference book to me.

2. for를 동반하는 경우  : buy, make등

Father bought me a nice watch.

⇒ Father bought a nice watch for me.

3. of를 동반하는 경우   : ask, inquire, request등

I asked him a few questions.

⇒ I asked a few questions of him.

C. 직접목적어만 둘을 취하는 동사

1. He envies me my success.  (*He envies my success of me.)

2. Please forgive me my sin.   (*Please forgive my sin for me.)

확인학습 : 다음 영문의 동사와 목적어를 밝혀라.

(1) He killed himself.

(2) I dreamed a strange dream last night.

(3) He said to me, "I'll do my best."

(4) We are looking forward to your arrival.

(5) She takes after her mother.

(6) My father taught me how to drive.

(7) She wrote me a long letter.

수여동사로 착각하기 쉬운 동사

◇ explain, introduce, announce, confess, describe, prove, suggest, propose등은

직접목적어 하나만 가지며, 우리말의 간접목적어에 해당되는 부분은 ‘to + I.O’의 형태인 부사구로 처리해야 함.

(1)전치사 to를 쓰는 경우

① I will explain to you what this means. (O)

*I will explain you what this means. (X)

②Let me introduce myself to you. (O)

*Let me introduce you myself. (X)      *Will you introduce us yourself. (X)

③He proposed to us (that) we (should) go to the zoo. (O)

*He proposed us to go to the zoo. (×)

④He announced the news to us. (O)

*He announced us the news. (X)

(2)전치사 of를 쓰는 경우

①I beg a favor of you. (O)

*I beg you a favor. (X)

②They inquired a few questions of me. (O)

*They inquired me a few questions. (X)

③He demanded an immediate answer of me. (O)

*He demanded me an immediate answer. (X)

④She requested a week's leave of me.  (O)

*She requested me a week's leave. (X)

(3) 전치사 with, for, to등을 쓰는 경우

① He trusted me with the money. (O)

He trusted the money to me.  (O)

He trusted me the money.    (X)

② They provided us with food.   (O)

They provided food to(for) us.  (O)

They provided us food.  ※American English에서는 가능함.

확인학습 : 4형식을 3형식으로 바꾸어 쓴 다음 문장의 빈 칸을 채워라.

(1) She gave me chocolate on Saint Valentine's Day.

=She gave chocolate (      ) me on Saint Valentine's Day.

(2) He did me many kindnesses.

=He did many kindnesses (      ) me.

(3) Don't ask her such direct questions.

=Don't ask such direct questions (       ) her.             답:(1)to(2)for(3)of

제5형식 문형 : S+V+O+OC

A. 목적어와 목적보어와의 관계 : Nexus=관련,연계,관계 : 주어․술어관계

① I made him a pianist.         (동격관계)   (=He is a pianist.) ∴ him = pianist

② I think him (to be) honest.    (서술관계)   (=He is honest.)

③ I want you to go.             (주술관계:주어․술어 관계)  (=You will go.)

B. 4형식과 5형식의 구분 : 목적어와 그 다음 말의 관계가 Nexus관계이면 5형식

I promise (you) to come.  = I promise (you) that I will come.  (오기로 약속하지.)

IO         DO

I expect you to come.     = I expect that you will come.

O      OC

I made her a doll.  = I made a doll for her.              her ≠ a doll (4형식)

I made her a star.  = I caused her to become a star.    her ＝ a star (5형식)

C. 목적보어에 따른 분류

1).목적보어가 명사, 대명사, 동명사, 명사절인 경우

They elected Clinton President.  (명사)

Mother made me a nurse.

I made it a point to get up early.

I want him to be a teacher.

I thought it to be her.      (대명사)

I remember him coming to my house.    (동명사)

His own efforts have made him what he is. (him = what he is)  (명사절 )

(그가 이렇게 된 것은 그 자신의 노력 때문이다.)

2). 목적보어가 형용사, 현재분사, 과거분사인 경우

￭ She made him happy.  (형용사)

I found the work difficult.

I found it difficult to persuade her. <∼임을 알다>

￭ I saw a bird flying in the sky.   (현재분사)

I saw him crossing the street.

He found the book interesting.   그는 그 책이 재미있다는 것을 알았다. (주술관계)

cf. He found an interesting book.   그는 재미있는 책을 찾았다.  (수식어)

￭ He had his house burnt down by the fire. (과거분사: 수동 ;  had=당하다<손해>)

She can make herself understood in French.

I saw him carried to the hospital. (과거분사 : 수동)

3). 목적보어가 부정사인 경우

I want you to visit me tomorrow.   (to부정사)

We all expect him to come.

He let me do it.                   (원형부정사)

D. 목적보어가 될 수 없는 말

※ 지각동사(see, hear, watch, feel)와 사역동사(make, have, let, bid)의 목적보어로

to부정사를 쓸 수 없다.

☞사역동사는 “...하게 하다, 시키다”의 뜻을 가지나 make(=force)는 강요,                  have(=persuade, cause, order)는 권유, let(=permit, allow)은 허락, bid(=order)는         명령의 뜻을 포함한다.

① 지각동사

I saw them swim/swimming in the river.

*I saw them to swim in the river. (X)

Did you hear him sing/singing a song?

*Did you hear him to sing a song? (X)

② 사역동사

• He made me clean the room.  =He forced me to clean the room.

(=I was made to clean the room.)

• His jokes made us all laugh.    ※강제의 뜻이 없을 때도 있음.

• He made her angry.            =He caused her to become angry.

◎ have는 make에 비해 강제의 뜻이 약하며 권유나 설득, 부탁의 뜻이 있음.

• Have him come early.            (그로 하여금 일찍 오도록 해라.)

• I won't have you feel miserable.  (자네로 하여금 비참한 느낌이 들지 않게 하겠네.)

• I had my brother write a letter. 수동태불가 =I asked my brother to write a letter.

• She had her ears pierced last Saturday.  (과거분사: 수동관계,  had=시키다<이익>)

• Let me go.           (가게 해 주세요. 놓아 주세요.)

• They let me see him. (= I was let (to) see him.)    (현재는 to없는 것이 일반적)

(= I was allowed to see him.)

• She bade me enter.  (= I was bidden to enter.)  (그녀는 나더러 들어오라고 했다.)

=She told/ordered me to enter.

cf. He helped me do the work. = He helped me to do the work.  (미국: to생략)

He helped us peel the onions.

They helped us (to) get out.

(=We were helped to get out.) (수동태에서는 반드시 to가 따름.)

E. keep + 목 + ∼ing

◇ keep, leave, send, set와 make, have등의 동사는 다음에 [목적어 +∼ing]가 오면

동작의 진행·계속·반복 등을 나타낸다.

• He kept me waiting for three hours.  (계속)

The wind sent the fallen leaves flying across the roof.

(바람은 지붕 너머로 낙엽을 날아가게 했다.)

His joke set the whole table laughing.

(그의 농담은 좌중을 웃음바다로 만들었다.)

Mother left my little brother crying.

• We can't have people arriving late all the time.  (ing는 상습적인 행위)

(have= to allow sth; to accept sth without complaining)

• He had his audience listening attentively.        (ing는 동작의 계속)

(have=to cause sb/sth to be in a particular state;   특정한 상태에 있게 하다.

to make sb react in a particular way.)

비교: Leave him crying.          (계속 울게 내버려둬요. : 동작의 계속·반복)

Leave him to cry.          (울게 내버려둬요. : 울기 시작)

Leave him to do it.        (혼자 하게 놔둬요.)

Leave the door open.      (문을 계속 열어 놔요.)

Don't make me cry.        (날 울리지 말아요.)

cf. stop playing              (여태껏 놀다가 그만 놀다.)            <진행중>

stop to play              (지금부터 놀기 위해 하던 일을 그만 두다.) <시작>